The surgical learning curve as an object of design.
Minimally invasive urological techniques (laparoscopic and robotic surgery) have demanding learning curves. A surgeon's first cases yield outcomes weaker than those of the same surgeon once the technique is consolidated. High-fidelity simulation narrows that gap. The details of each program are discussed at the consultation.
UROTRAINER applies the principle to laparoscopic and robotic surgery, with unique models of partial nephrectomy and radical prostatectomy. The simulator faithfully reproduces the dissection plane and tissue response, so that repeated practice builds muscle memory and anatomical understanding before the first real case. Its multicenter validation was published in J Urol (2021).
